The Minutemen and Their World Free Essays

Robert A. Net in his book, â€Å"The Minutemen and Their World†, takes a closer glance at the American Revolution by researching the lives of the individuals that exist in Concord, Massachusetts. By investigating and understanding court records, journals, state records, families’ trees, and private papers the essayist starts to delineate a human progress earlier, during, and resulting to the American Revolution. We will compose a custom article test on The Minutemen and Their World or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now He furthermore prevails with regards to creating a fantastic composed sequential content that is easy to peruse, comprehend, and appreciate. It very well may be believed that Gross accomplishes this by giving the peruser an improved feeling of the living of an individual in the time of the American Revolution. Also, the essayist gives the genuine data that not exclusively were the individuals of Concord encountering a Revolution to fight for their self-rule, however they were moreover experiencing financial, social, rural, and strict transformations. Preceding the Revolution, Concordians were living in their own reality, emblematically and precisely. The social request of Concord was all around created and controlled issues locally. These issues hampered with the day by day social and monetary condition. For example, connections among guardians and their youngsters were disintegrating. Additionally, the dirt was being spent for the explanation of over the top cultivating which prompted the issue of too man children and insufficient land to be split between them. The age hole between social classes was likewise widening and political workplaces were held by an advantaged not many which were passed down nearly as a legacy through families. These local issues were incidentally required to be postponed with the presence of the trait of a Revolution. The agreement important to vanquish the dependence by the British Crown was considerably more huge to the individuals of Concord than their to some degree little issues and quibbling. The most significant component behind the people’s assurance to remain free was that they wanted to safeguard and guard their conventional life, then again by fighting to secure that life, Gross would call attention to that the Concordians in outcome opened themselves to change. The chiefly persuading contention Gross makes uncovers the loss of man centric control in Concord, and obviously over the provinces. He depicts the habits children depend on fathers for land, and little girls rely upon fathers for endowments. As the monetary condition changes, settlements are dense, neighborhood productive land end up being constrained and full grown kids have allures to leave the family members to trail the wilderness. This expenses the dad his premise of work and costs the kids the asset of legacy and consistency. The progressions the Revolution had on the individuals of Concord were the structure squares of the equitable society as one remembers it today. By consolidating to dismiss the crown the individuals of Concord rout the â€Å"barriers of living arrangement and wealth†(61). Men in all places of the general public wanted to safeguard their opportunity, thus after the Revolution the serious standards identifying with the elitist model of government in Concord only sometimes existed. Net calls attention to that after the Revolution the â€Å"newly chose delegate† was sent a â€Å"strict set of unbending rules† for him to follow â€Å"in court†(163). With new noticeable quality put on the individuals and their privileges, governmental issues was scarcely ever about strict status any more drawn out however progressively about equivalent portrayal. Likewise, after the upheaval, Gross demonstrate that by 1790 there are no slaves in Massachusetts. With the Concordians battling for their independence in the Revolution, it would be prototype for the Concordians to consider oppression to be any people as dishonest; when that is the very thing they were battling against. Agribusiness additionally was mitigating by rebuilding and serious cultivating. This brought about a superior off public activity and scene. As a rule, the opposition between ages was declined and children proceeded with their families as opposed to moving ceaselessly. Taking everything into account, a superior off financial and social methodology built up the individuals of Concord after the Revolution, however not immediately. Robert Gross completed a great amount of exploration to reveal data about people whose names and accomplishments have since a long time ago been slipped by the world, however he edifies their story so methodicallly that he allows the peruser to neglect what a requesting task he took upon himself. With the more intensive glance at Concord, Gross intends to represent Concord as a portrayal of a conventional pilgrim settlement during the Revolution. The characters in the book give the peruser rationale of why the individuals in this town picked to insubordination. By speaking to the individuals of Concord and their causes to fight, Gross proficiently connotes the entirety of the provinces that struggled in the Revolution; as Gross portrays the Concord battle as an occurrence in a more extensive war. The Minutemen and Their World was earth shattering in customizing a Revolution. The creator delayed past procedures and insights into an influential record of individuals both ordinary and extraordinary. The perspectives are concrete because of the overwhelming quantitative examination. Works Cited Net A. Robert, (April 30, 2001), The Minutemen and Their World, Hill and Wang; 25th Ann version, IS The most effective method to refer to The Minutemen and Their World, Essay models

Kant And Utilitarianism Essay Example For Students

Kant And Utilitarianism Essay As a matter of first importance I need to express the Kantian and the Utilitarian perspectives butt heads onthis issue. The Kantian view is nonconsequential, that is as an issue ofprinciple with the outcomes be cursed. The Utilitarian view is consequentialwith the outcomes given however much thought as could reasonably be expected. I will endeavor toexplain what I mean through certain models. Some educational systems hand out condomsfree of charge to their understudies. The Utilitarian view would be this is agood thing. They would express that by doing so they are halting unwantedpregnancies that thus could cost society. This program would help quit thespreading of illnesses, for example, HIV, AIDS and syphilis. This additionally would exercise theburden on society. Kantian view would not be supportive of this program in light of the fact that itis considering the result of what may occur if the program were not inplace. They may feel it is the guardians choice to make since it is th eirjob to act in cooperative attitude of their family and not the educational systems. Anothertopic under much discussion would be helped self destruction. The Kantian view is totallyopposed to this. It is simply unacceptable to execute somebody. One can't execute anotherperson out of cooperative attitude. If you somehow happened to apply this to the Universal Law it wouldnot remain constant and there for it isn't right. Then again, the Utilitarian viewwould be available to this idea. How might we permit one to endure knowing they aregoing to kick the bucket at long last in any case? Would it not be right to stop the misery? How canone look for the best measure of bliss on the off chance that they are enduring and arebasically sentenced to bite the dust? By helping this individual we are likewise helping outhis family by restricting their sadness. We are additionally assisting society by freeingup a bed in the emergency clinic for those people that could be recuperated and go on tol ead a cheerful life. It could likewise set aside cash if the individual doesn't haveinsurance. The last model I need to utilize is the needle trade program. Thisis where sedate clients can trade grimy needles for clean ones. This program alsostops the spreading of infections, for example, HIV and AIDS. The Utilitarian would alsostate that is exercises the weight on society. Medication clients are additionally related tocrime and when they come into trade needles assistance might be given to get themoff drugs and there fore exercise the crime percentage and bring more satisfaction tosociety. The Kantian view would not be supportive of this program since it isconsidering the results of what might occur if network doesnt help. They would express that medication use isn't cooperative attitude and not in the slightest degree obligation. In the event that a druguser is overstepping the law by utilizing medications and needles they ought to be rebuffed. This discipline isn't to be an obstacle yet rather what is correct in light of the fact that onebreaks the law. I Think the Utilitarian view is better than the Kantian viewbecause it considers the results of the occasion. Despite the fact that I am not completely soldon their idea. The Kantian view doesn't address the issue it just condemnsit. On the planet today we as a whole comprehend what happens when an individual oversteps the law andso do the crooks yet; they despite everything violate the law. At the point when somebody is dependent on adrug it is out of their control to support themselves and society all in all shouldstep in and help. Their comes when you can support just so a lot and itis up to the person to address their own wrong however not in all conditions. .u340327aa296ba2753754fd47b0cab614 , .u340327aa296ba2753754fd47b0cab614 .postImageUrl , .u340327aa296ba2753754fd47b0cab614 .focused content territory { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u340327aa296ba2753754fd47b0cab614 , .u340327aa296ba2753754fd47b0cab614:hover , .u340327aa296ba2753754fd47b0cab614:visited , .u340327aa296ba2753754fd47b0cab614:active { border:0!important; } .u340327aa296ba2753754fd47b0cab614 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u340327aa296ba2753754fd47b0cab614 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; progress: mistiness 250ms; webkit-progress: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u340327aa296ba2753754fd47b0cab614:active , .u340327aa296ba2753754fd47b0cab614:hover { obscurity: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u340327aa296ba2753754fd47b0cab614 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: rela tive; } .u340327aa296ba2753754fd47b0cab614 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content beautification: underline; } .u340327aa296ba2753754fd47b0cab614 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u340327aa296ba2753754fd47b0cab614 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe range: 3px; content adjust: focus; content design: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u340327aa296ba2753754fd47b0cab614:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u340327aa2 96ba2753754fd47b0cab614 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u340327aa296ba2753754fd47b0cab614-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u340327aa296ba2753754fd47b0cab614:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Debt Service Funds EssayI figure the best methodology would be a fair compromise between the two perspectives.

Your Early Action Deadline Questions

Your Early Action Deadline Questions *Update as of 2015: Early action is available to both domestic and international students. The Early Action deadline is fast approaching it is this Monday, November 1. In an effort to be helpful and ease some anxiety, Im happy to answer some of your last minute questions in this thread. However, before you submit your question (in the comments below), Id like to ask you to really look for the answer here on the site theres no need to ask basic questions, for example, about standardized test requirements or statistics. If you have a question though that doesnt seem to already have been answered, though, I am more than happy to help. A few FAQs: The deadline is November 1, meaning you can submit your application any time on November 1 or before. (I dont recommend waiting until the last minute, though.) It is okay if your teacher recommendations are later than the deadline. We are very flexible with your teacher recommendations. The MyMIT Tracking is up-to-date, but please recognize that processing can take 1-2 weeks. You do not need to worry at this time about documents that are not showing on MyMIT; we currently have a backlog of materials in our processing center, and expect to have that backlog into November. Do not worry. I will check back in a few times over the weekend but not all the time, so please be patient (for example, Ill be at w00tstock most of late Sunday). Without further ado ask away! Did you all see the Halloween hack? Update Friday 10pm: Aliana wrote: I recently paid the $75 for Part 1 and then submitted Part 1. When I next went onto MyMIT,however, there was no sign that I had paid and the submit button was still there. Do you know what may have gone wrong? @Aliana: Please post another comment with the email address that you use for your MyMT account. Only I will be able to see that email address, and it will allow me to look up your application and see whats going on. Meera wrote: I am a little worried that some of my grades on my Self Reported Coursework form might be a point or two off, based on how you average the grades on my transcript. So is it okay if they are a point off, or will I be penalized? @Meera: You should fill out the Self Reported Coursework form with your transcript in front of you. As best I can tell, your school gives a grade for each semester but not a final or averaged grade. As such, you should fill out the Self Reported Coursework form by filling in the course name, then the two semester grades. Like this: Geometry 96 93 (substitute actual class you took and grades you got) In short: on the Self Reported Coursework form, you should be putting down whatever is on your transcript. Fun fact: MIT will be playing in the Quidditch World Cup next month. Update Saturday 1:30pm: Mitchell wrote: Regarding November SAT testing: Do I need to make MIT a direct score recipient or do I have time to receive the scores and send them to you myself? @Mitchell: If you make MIT a direct recipient, I can guarantee that we can consider your scores for EA; if you dont, I cant. Sarun wrote: If one of my essays is notwell, a conventional essay but it answers the question, will admissions be okay with it? I know MIT appreciates creativity but how strictly are essays evaluated? @Sarun: In the essays, were looking to learn more about you. If it accomplishes that goal, it will be a successful approach. rupesh wrote: Now i am doing B.E in nepal.H can i apply for full scholasship in MIT for M.E.? @rupesh: In short: yes, see graduate admissions. shanny wrote: I have tried to contact my EC for the last 3 weeks and he didnt respond. so I called the admissions office and they reassigned a different EC for me. I contacted him, and we scheduled to have the interview on next friday. Would it be too late for us to have the interview? Is it too late for him to send in the report? @shanny: Not at all, youll be fine. Ishwarya wrote: There were a couple of things regarding awards, honors, and activities which couldnt get on Part II of my MIT application because we were restricted to listing the top 5. To shed light on my other achievements, can I send in a resume as a supplement to my application? If so, can it be faxed directly to the admissions office? @Ishwarya: In general, I would recommend putting this in the Question 14 (Anything else?) in the Part 2. However, since youve already submitted your Part 2 (thank you for doing this in advance of the deadline!), faxing it in will be good. Download the Supplemental Document Cover Sheet from MyMIT (click on Application Forms) and fax it in along with your resume. I would recommend a 1 page resume. CW wrote: Does MIT ask for first quarter grades from Early Action applicants? @CW: We dont ask for it. If you have them now, you can put them on your self-reported coursework form in the Part 2, though. Ava wrote: Ive had the same problems as Aliana. Is it possible to check my email account? @Ava: We have your Part 1 and application fee, no problems that I can see. SL wrote: My High school didnt have a math club nor a science club, but I wanted to participate in a math or science competition. I didnt get a chance to participate in the Science Olympiads nor the math Olympiads. Does that put me at a disadvantage compared to other applicants? also, since I participated in very few competitions, I have very few things to write under the Distinctions section in the application. Does that also put me at a disadvantage? @SL: We want to see that youve made the most of your opportunities, not just in math/science but also in the rest of life. So we will evaluate you within the context of your opportunities. You dont need math/science distinctions to be admitted, but we will want to see some excitement for the analytical disciplines but you can do that in many ways. SR wrote: Is the deadline for the art supplement postmarked date? @SR: Yes. anxious wrote: Im and international applicant and got a 97 in TOEFL and 710 in maths IIC and 730 in physics. I want to know whether I have any chances with these scores or else I would take another test on Nov 5. Pls help. @anxious: Yes, we have admitted students at or around those scores. Daniel wrote: I have submitted both parts of my application, and I have one question. I know when I filled out part 2 to the app, I was asked to give names and emails of the teachers and counselor/principal that I am asking to evaluate me. Will it be sent electronically to them, or do they have to fill it out by paper and mail it in? @Daniel: You should print out the recommendation forms from MyMIT and give it to them to mail in. The contact information in Part 2 is for us to contact the teacher if we have any questions. CW wrote: In the self-reported course work section, are we supposed to put a grade for courses we are currently taking? @CW: You should certainly list all of the courses you are currently taking. If there are grades on your transcript now for those courses (e.g. first quarter grades) then you should list those on your self reported coursework as well. Luke wrote: Im reviewing my essays and a few of them are about 120 words (for the 100 word limit). I was wondering if the limit is very strict and I should cut them down or if it was just to keep them to a general length. Do you think Ill be ok without shortening them? @Luke: Youll be okay as is. I missed Nightmarket last night :( Update Sunday 11:15am: Savannah wrote: I had the same problem as Aliana, Could you check mine as well please? @Savannah: It doesnt look like your Part 1 was submitted. I would try to submit it again. If you find you have been charged the application fee multiple times, let us know and we will reverse the charges. Catherine wrote: I sent my SAT scores to MIT when I first took the tests, about a year ago. But on the tracker page testing requirements is not checked off. How do I know if MIT got the scores? Do I need to send them again? @Catherine: If you comment again with the email address you signed up for your MyMIT account with, I can look into your situation. anon wrote: I took the SAT test twice. One of my tests has all my best scores. Do I need to send in both sets of scores? @anon: Not for MIT. Isaque wrote: I have been taking some courses at MIT. Even though these courses wont count for college credit, all my psets and exams are graded. However, these courses appear in my high school transcript just as Dual Enrollment. Should I list them in the Self-reported course work as Dual Enrollment or should I use the actual name of the courses? Another question: Should I also list the courses that I am taking this year or just the courses that I already took? @Isaque: I would list the name of the course, perhaps with a short note of what it is. For example: MIT 18.01 (independent study for credit) Also, yes, you should list the courses you are currently taking as well as courses already taken. Erik wrote: I am sending in a trumpet supplement, and have it almost completed, but I was wondering: I play piano actively and compete with piano solos, but havent had a piano teacher since middle school. Can I still send in a Music Supplement without a Letter of Recommendation? @Erik: I would give it a shot. LA wrote: If I report my SAT scores today (October 30) can I be sure MIT will get them in time? @LA: Yes. Tanner wrote: My schools transcript shows only the letter grades of each semester. Should I try and find, or else remember the percentage grade, or should I just type the letter grade? Also, I took a year of German in Middle School, I tested a year of German in High School, and I have taken enough music classes that they wont all fit in the additional classes. How should I communicate these classes? @Tanner: Sorry if my example above for Meera was confusing. Since her school gives semester grades on a 0-100 scale, she should list those. Since your school gives semester grades on an A-F scale, you should report those. And for your additional classes, you could put multiple music classes on one line. For example: Band (every semester 9-12) A That assumes you had mostly the same grade each semester. Other options would be to note it in the Anything about your schools grading system box or in the Anything else? box at the end. Sarah wrote: My counselor left on sick leave, so a different counselor wrote my letter of rec. However I already submitted Part II with the other counselors name. Is that ok? @Sarah: Yes, thats fine. LA wrote: I have taken both SAT Biology and SAT Chemistry. Should I report both? If so, where/how? @LA: You are welcome to send both scores to us. You need not write both scores on the app. Max K. wrote: I won a full-scholarship to the University of Illinois for my participation in Science Olympiad. I put my accomplishments in my particular events on the application, but I am wondering if MIT would like to hear about the scholarship as well. I have one more blank on my scholastic distinctions section and I am wondering if you think it is appropriate to include. Would MIT rather not know about scholarships other schools are offering? @Max: I say go ahead and write it in the extra blank. It sounds like its something to be proud of. Joseph wrote: I have already submitted all of my application materials, but it appears that I made a slight error with the Self-Reported Coursework. I only put the final grade, as in the one I received in June, omitting the January grades which were required as well. Is this a problem? Or is it fine considering youll be having my transcript handy? @Joseph: I wouldnt worry about it. It was an honest mistake, and as you note, we will have your transcript on hand. Rupa wrote: Ive taken a lot of AP and IB classes, but there arent enough spaces for all of my exam scores/AP and IB classes. Should I put that in #14 of Part 2, or send in a score report? Also, I just recently convinced my school to start doing the Physics Olympiad this year, so I dont have any scores or anything for it, but Ive been studying/practicing for it, so can I put it as a club/activity that I do, or no? @Rupa: Putting it in #14 would work. And you can absolutely but Physics Olympiad down as an activity. Rupa wrote: Also, my school doesnt provide numerical scores on transcripts, etc. and I dont have all my old tests/hw/quizzes/etc. from years ago, to calculate it, can I just report letter grades for the self-reported coursework? Also, are there certain requirements for what is in the art portfolio, or can it be any art we want to send in? @Rupa: Sorry if my example above for Meera was confusing. Since her school gives semester grades on a 0-100 scale, she should list those. Since your school gives letter grades, you should report those. All I know about the art portfolio is written here. I think you can send in whatever you like. Maria wrote: I live in Korea. And Korea has a long winter break. I want to indicate my winter activities as well. Can I just do it under summer activities? (or are you just asking for what I did for summer?) @Maria: I think winter activities, given your long break, would be appropriate if youd like to list them. Ayantu wrote: Im putting finishing touches and checking my application for any errors and I have a question about the short answer section. When answering the questions I wrote vignettes for some of them instead of giving direct answers. What I wrote still answers the questions, just not in an overt way. Is that ok? I also had a question about SAT subject tests. I recently retook the reasoning test and saw a huge improvement and I think I might be able to improve on the subject tests as well. Is it generally frowned upon to retake subject tests? @Ayantu: If you have answered the questions, Im sure youll be fine. And it is not frowned upon to retake subject tests. Simon wrote: Under Subjects taken or to be taken, should I mark calculus if I am self studying for the AP exam, but not enrolled in any formal course? @Simon: Sure. You could even write, AP Calculus (self study). Kevin: It shouldnt be a huge deal, since we have your official scores. Feel free to drop us a quick email with the correction and well add it to you file. Trent wrote: When can we start on next years application? Is it different enough that it matters? Can I send my teacher recomendation early? @Trent: You can start working on next years application next summer. I have no idea how similar or different next years app will be. Please do not send your recommendation letters until next fall. PlzAnsMe wrote: Can i still apply for undergraduate admission to MIT, without being at a disadvantage?? or is there an upper age limit ??? Im 23 years old now. Also, since its been 6 long years, i have absolutely no contact with my school, and thus the teachers, so it would be impossible for me to get any sort of teacher recommendations. @PlzAnsMe: You are welcome to apply; we have no age limits. You wont need teacher recommendations, but we will want to see some recommendations, perhaps from a current boss or colleague, as well as transcripts from your former school. Hyo wrote: I have a question about sending the teacher evaluations and secondary school report. My guidance counselor said that our school is using the Naviance system to upload and send the documents to colleges. Yesterday, he said that he sent all my recommendation letters and school reports via Naviance. When I logged in to My MIT account and checked the application tracking section, it says that MIT hasnt received them yet. Does it take some time for the documents to get processed? @Hyo: Yes. Please be patient as we process tens of thousands of documents. Ill let you know when youll need to be concerned about missing materials, probably in two weeks or so. Jack wrote: Im a junior applying for admission. I am able to leave high school early (Ive taken math through calculus, 5 years of sciences, etc.,) however I would not do so unless I was admitted this year. Should I still fill out the Are you graduating from secondary school early or without a diploma? question? @Jack: Yes, you should. It wont put you at any disadvantage (I had to fill out that question too!). Heres a historical MIT Halloween hack for you: the Great Pumpkin, Halloween 1962. Update: Sunday early evening, pre-w00tstock Marcel wrote: I studied outside of the U.S until 10th grade, the grading system is different from the one here, I however wrote the courses down in the Self-reported work but without the grades and then sent a transcript from my school to MIT Admission. Is that okay? @Marcel: That is okay. It would also be okay to write down the grades from the other schooling system, as we are familiar with many. Jack wrote: A few quick things on the SRCW section: Should we include classes that we are currently taking, even if we dont have the grades? And how do we include classes taken over the Summer, or high school classes taken before 9th grade? Also, for the What department appeals to you? essay, should we talk about details of MITs program, or just the discipline in General? A small last-minute concern, sorry. @Jack: Yes, you should include current classes and summer classes. You are welcome to also include pre-HS HS classes if you have room. For the department/program essay, some people have done one or the other, and some both. Kay wrote: For the awards section, what is the level of distinction for Book Awards? The Rensselaer Medal? I know recipients are selected by their respective high schools, but students throughout the state and nation get them. @Kay: Theres no good answer to your question; Im sorry that our app forces you to have to choose one. Some students have chosen school, some have chosen national or international. All of these are technically right, and no matter what you choose, I assure you we do know about the Rensselaer Medal and most Book Awards. Raluca wrote: Would it be acceptable to fax a resume as Supplemental Material that includes a research paper abstract + laypersons summary and a longer description of a couple of my activities than there is room for on the application? I know that research paper abstracts and summaries should be included in the optional section of Part 2, but I also wanted to include an additional essay there and if I added the abstract as well, it would be over a page. @Raluca: Sure; be certain to include the Supplemental Documents Cover Sheet. EL wrote: I was thinking about sending a 600-word essay that reveals my choppy childhood (Ive moved between quite a few times since I was born) and a lesson I gleaned from my parents constant moving. The essay is something I would have loved to fit into the prompt about describing the world I come from, but I am unable to condense it to 200-250 words without compromising the meaning of the essay. What do you suggest I do? @EL: You are welcome to send the essay as a supplemental essay, perhaps using Question 14 if it fits. JDM wrote: Is there any particular browser you use to look at the URL we submit in Part 2? Of course it will be standards-compliant and should work universally, but I wouldnt want to miss testing one that turns out to be important :P @JDM: It will probably be Safari or Firefox on a Mac. Happy November 1! Its EA deadline day! Update Monday 10:15am: Elise wrote: I have a separate letter of recommendation from a program Id like to provide and Ive already sent my entire application in. How do I get this added to my application packet? @Elise: Download the Supplemental Document Cover Sheet from MyMIT (click on Application Forms) and fax it in. victor wrote: Im visiting MIT on the 1st and 2nd, would it be appropriate to hand-deliver supplemental materials if Im going to mail them anyways? @victor: Youre welcome to do that (it wont give you any bonus points, though). Have a great visit! John wrote: I have a question about financial aid. I have already applied Early Action. Do I need to send in as CSS Profile BEFORE February 15 (i.e. Is there a different deadline for EA applicants)? What about the FAFSA? @John: There is no separate financial aid deadline for EA vs. RA applicants. You can turn in your Profile/FAFSA/etc. anytime before February 15. There is no advantage for turning it in today vs. on February 15. Kevin wrote: The website says that MIT notifies early applicants by mid-December. Does this mean that we could find out anywhere from November 1st through mid-December or does MIT wait to notify everyone in mid-December? @Kevin: We will notify everyone on the same date in mid-December. Zoe wrote: For the music supplement, is there any sort of required formatting for the music resume? Is a bulleted list okay? @Zoe: Sounds great! Tim K. wrote: I read Tanners question from yesterday, and your response. When I was filling out the Self Reported Coursework section, I thought I was following the directions when I just listed the most recent class first, followed by previous classes, in the Other Subject Area section, until I ran out of room. In other words, I did NOT list all of my other classes, since they wouldnt all fit. I didnt list them anywhere on the application. I wasnt worried about it, because I knew youd have my transcript in hand. Is my interpretation of the instructions just fine? (I listed all courses taken in all the main academic subjects. Its just the Other subjects that I didnt list in full.) @Tim: You need not worry. We will see your transcript. Grant wrote: Last spring break i visited MIT, and i did some cool things there, such as talk to some profeseurs. Do you think that i could talk about that visit in the optional section on section 9 of the part 2, or do you think that that does not fit the prompt? Or do you think that it should go somewhere else on the form? @Grant: That would be fine. Andy wrote: I want to send a supplemental video regarding my job as an entertainer with my application. Can I do so by sending it on a CD with a letter explaining the video via the United States Postal Service? I should be able to get it postmarked by November 1st. @Andy: That would work. Any chance you could post the video online? Danielle wrote: Today i submitted my application! BUT an hour later i realized that i forgot to add one of my most important summer activities!!!!!! I have to say that i am freaking out!! What can i do such that it can be added on to my application!?!?! @Danielle: No need to freak out. Feel free to drop us an email and ask that the email be added to your file. Rupa wrote: This is a very last minute question, but I just googled MIT essays tips to see if there were any tips for writing the essays/proofreading them which might be helpful, and I found that someone, a few years ago, had written an essay on a topic very similar to minehow our physics teachers have influenced us. Ive already done my essay and edited it and everything, and I dont want to change it, but Im afraid that it will hurt me that someone else has written a similar essay and posted it on the internet. Should I rewrite my essay? Or just make sure to include specific examples so its obvious that my teacher is different, especially since the essays are not very similar in any aspects other than that mine is also about how my physics teacher has influenced me? The ways my teacher has influenced me are different. Should I change me essay? @Rupa: I dont think you need to change it. There arent really any unique essay topics anyway. I care more about you and what I can learn about you than how unique your essay is. So as long as your essay gives me insight into you as a person, it will be a successful essay. Erik wrote: Using the Online Application, can you submit up until 11:59 on November 1st, or do you have to click submit by 12:00am tonight (October 31st)?? @Erik: As I wrote above: The deadline is November 1, meaning you can submit your application any time on November 1 or before. (I dont recommend waiting until the last minute, though.) Ashtyn wrote: I submitted my application before midnight. I forgot one thing: descriptions of my 5 extracurriculars! Would this really hurt me or is there a way to write to MIT my descriptions? @Ashtyn: Feel free to drop us an email with the descriptions and ask that the email be added to your file. Alex wrote: I submitted my application already. But on the self-reported course work, I didnt put down the classes that I was currently taking because I havent received grades in those classes yet. Is that ok? @Alex: As long as we know what classes you are taking through some other means. So if your current classes are listed on your transcript, or if your guidance counselor has told us about them, you should be okay. I would check in with your guidance counselor. Noah wrote: Is there any way to confirm the receipt of supplemental recommendations and other materials? @Noah: Only the required portions of the application are on the tracking system. Music and art supplements are not tracked. You can check on supplemental recommendations and other such supplements in a few weeks by calling admissions. Tony wrote: Is there a specific date where EA decisions will be released or will it be sometime mid December? Thanks. @Tony: We will announce the decision date at a later time. It will be sometime in mid-December. yetanotherhopeful wrote: Im all set for applying this summer. But circumstances at home suggest Ill have to apply next year. Is it ok? Ive already created a MyMIT account. Ive even written the essays. Can I just leave it as it is and apply next year? @yetanotherhopeful: Youll need to start an all new application next year. Brian wrote: I am a student from Myanmar (Burma). I want to ask you some questions. Unlike US high schools, Myanmar schools offer student up to 10th grade. All students graduating from high schools can get higher education at national universities. But I didnt attend at any university and prepared for the standardized tests and others to apply MIT for the admissions to class of 2015. 1. For my status, from which grade should my transcript include in my secondary school report? Should my transcript include grade and scores from 8th grade to 10th grade? 2. I am now ambivalent concerning the standardized test scores? If I submit both TOEFL and SAT, am I at a disadvantage or advantage? Do you prefer both scores to TOEFL scores only? Because MIT is competitive, can submitting both scores have advantages? 3. From whose address (my schools or mine) should include in my secondary school reports form, and others? Who has to send these forms, my principal, teachers or I? 4. If my teachers and principal dont use the email in their daily lives, what should I fill in my recommendars email address box? 5. I have take SAT subject tests,and sent the scores to MIT as my recipient; however, at MyMIT, the testing requirement box is not marked. Is it because I havent taken and sent my TOEFL scores to MIT? @Brian: 1. Yes. 2. We only require one or the other; you are welcome to submit both. 3. Somewhere in the application, we will want both your address and the address of your school. The forms may be mailed/posted by you or by the school. 4. You could leave it blank or write no email. 5. Thats right, we are missing TOEFL or SAT. Brian wrote: 1. If my country uses the national matriculation exam as the entrance for the national university, is the completion certificate needed? 2. What do you mean by the summary in the principal evaluation? 3. I havent conducted the scientific research with the mentor; however, I have done my own research in my home. Is it possible for my condition if I explain and send the the research paper as the additional material? 4. I have some difficulties with the evaluation letters A and B. Unlike my personal essays, evaluation letters cannot be typed at online but I understand that case. My problem is that how my teacher should complete that form. I mean, do they need to write with pen or pencil or type? If these forms are written by pen or pencil, I think the space dont have enough space. What should I do? 5. I have planned to explain a brief Myanmar education ,grading system and others. Is the section 9 of the part 2 the right place to do so? @Brian: 1. Not required but recommended if you have it. 2. We mean what it says: Attach an appraisal, assessing personal and academic qualities that may be indications of promise as a college student. We are seeking a complete picture. It should include both strong and weak points, general qualities of maturity, independence and character, as well as more specific details like goals and aspirations, special talents and the things that arouse the students enthusiasm. Ultimately, we must compare all of our applicants and try to choose those who will find MITs challenges most satisfying. 3. Yes. 4. Teachers may respond written or typed, and may do so on our form and/or attach additional sheets. 5. That would work, yes. Thair wrote: Despite your numerous advices regarding the recommendation letters, I still have the unclear facts because I have neither seniors nor mentors to instruct me. Are the evaluation forms A and B is the same as sample letters depicting in the information for schools? I mean my teachers need both to complete the forms A and B and to write the (additional) recommendation letters just like sample letters in the writing evaluation informing the school officials? @Thair: Im sorry, Im not really sure what youre asking, and I cant find you in our MyMIT database with the email youve provided. Try asking your question again phrased differently and using your MyMIT account email address. Brian wrote: I am a student from Myanmar(Burma). I am now facing with the difficulties regarding the essay and short questions limits. All of my essays and answers are beyond the word limits; however, they are not too long to annoy you. I dont want to abridge my essays because I see nothing to cut it. If I cut it, I think, doing so will detract both qualities and meanings of my essays. Is it OK for me to submit without shortening it? @Brian: We do not have any formal penalties for exceeding the word count, nor do we count words. However, we do believe that good answers can be provided within the word limit. Matthew S. wrote: I took Algebra and Spanish 1 both in 8th grade. I was wondering what I should mark for the grade level. Should I mark 9th grade so that I dont have any missing spaces, or do I leave it blank and mention this at the end under the additional information section? @Matthew S.: Either way works; I think Id leave it blank and write under course name: Algebra (8th grade) or something like that. Lee-Lincecum 2 is quite a battle! Scoreless through 6 Update: Monday 9:40pm Morgan wrote: I marked on part one of my application that I was going to apply EA but sitting here on deadline day Im sure i wont be able to get in all my materials by the end of the day today. Will i be penalized in any way? @Morgan: You can switch to Regular Action without penalty; just email us. DP wrote: What is the process for athletic recruits applying EA? @DP: The process is the same as for all other applicants. Andy wrote: Yup, Ive already got the video online. Would it be better to give you a link to the Youtube page? How should I go about doing that? @Andy: Theres a place for a link in Part 2. If youve already submitted, you can email the office with the link and ask for it to be added to your app. Rupa wrote: For recruiting for swimming, is there an upper cutoff time for events? Im on a very competitive swim team, and I absolutely LOVE swimming, but I dont know if Id be good enough in all the strokes to be on the varsity team. Im really only good at my events. Thanks. @Rupa: These questions are best posed to Dawn, the swimming coach. Id recommend being in touch with her; it will never be a negative thing for your app. Shaun wrote: I gave an evaluation form to a math teacher earlier this year, but he wasnt sure he would get to it in time, so I gave it to another teacher. I found out today that both turned in the forms and my guidance counselor sent them both. Will this be a problem? @Shaun: One too few A evaluations is a problem; one too many is no problem. Reflection wrote: I submitted part 2 last night. I realize all the question together did not really allow me to fully hightlight my academic interest. Is it ok to send a one-page essay to supplement that? @Reflection: It would be okay, but my guess is your app will be fine as is. Ante wrote: For the Green Card Copy, should I include a copy of my passport as well? If I have asked multiple teachers of the same type (such as Evaluation B) to submit recommendations, will all their recs be processed or will only the first one received be considered? Right now I see a checkmark for one of the evaluation types but I dont know how many of it has been received. @Ante: We only will need the Green Card. And, all of your B evaluations will be processed in two weeks or so, youre welcome to call to see which supplemental letters we have. SR wrote: I have already turned in my application. But in the Self-report coursework portion, I listed my classes in chronological order instead or listing the current classes first. Is this acceptable? @SR: Yes, Id guess that about half of the Self-reported Coursework Forms I see I filled out in tht way. Raluca wrote: I tried to fax some supplemental materials yesterday and just realized that I made a mistake and they probably didnt go through. Is it too late to resend them today? @Raluca: Its not too late. Clinton wrote: I accidentally submitted Part I the other day with a request for a fee waiver. However, I realized right after submitting it that it was the weekend before deadline dates, and that I will not be able to have my counselor fill out the fee waiver form for me with a time stamp of November 1st (today, doh). Can I still get the fee waiver? Also, I have panicked over the weekend about the payment and I have attempted to resort to pay by credit card, but there is no way for me to do so. I have already submitted my Part II and everything else is finished (letter of recommendations, interview report) and waiting to be processed. Do I still have time to work out the payment or is it too late? @Clinton: If you qualify for a fee waiver, do not pay the application fee. Its okay to get us a fee waiver of any sort (SAT, NACAC, whatever) as soon as you can; try to have this done in the next week or so if you can, but it need not be today or tomorrow. Youll be okay. Anonymous wrote: On my application,I accentually wrote that I won an award in 2010 instead of 2009, should I worry about this? @Anonymous: I cant think of situations where an honest mistake like this would be a problem. Paul wrote: Ive submitted a letter of recommendation from my English instructor in 10th grade whom also has been the journalism instructor in 10th and 11th grade. I believe he has gotten to know me a lot better through the journalism courses, but I listed in the application that he is my English teacher. Should I have listed him as journalism instructor rather than English instructor? @Paul: Nope, English is fine. At this point two hours or so before the deadline Im going to close this thread, since Ill be going to bed! I hope most of you have already pressed the submit button. Best wishes!

Dialogue of Good, Evil, and the Existence of God by John...

Dialogue of Good, Evil, and the Existence of God by John Perry In John Perrys book Dialogue on Good, Evil and the Existence of God, he used three characters in the dialogue in order to clarify the positions of the three characters (Weirob, Miller, and Cohen), the arguments they provide in support their positions and the end state of their discussion. This allows us to examine our understanding of the good, evil and the existence of God. Perry shows a clear position of Weirob, Miller, and Cohen. Weirob is a philosopher who is not a Christian. She does not believe God exist. She only believe evil exist without God. She thinks if God really exists in this world, then God is a monster (evil) because God lets her†¦show more content†¦Or perhaps there is, but he is ignorant, or weak, or mean (p.4) She thinks God must not care her because God lets her suffered. She provides a main argument to support her position which is the existence of suffering is inconsistent with the existence of the all-perfect God. (p.17) She thinks there is evi l but without God. Miller wants to convince Weirob to believe the possibility of God exists. His argument is that this world is the creation of an all-perfect Being, even if we admit that there is suffering in it. He claims that the existence of suffering is consistent with the existence of the all-perfect God. Their arguments are opposed to each other. So Miller has to convince Weirob that Christian God he believe in--- all perfect, omnipotent, omniscient, and benevolent -- could possibly exist, even given as unimportant a bit of suffering as her flu. Miller first raises some examples to proof his argument is possible but doesnt have to explain to Weirob what plan God has in mind. The example is about a painting can have ugly parts but been more beautiful or deep because of them or a dull chapter in an interesting novel. But Weirob does not think her suffering with her flu compares with those examples at all. She claims that she is not a picture of a sniveling, dripping, suf fering human but a sniveling dripping, suffering human. This convinces us to think that Weirob wants Miller to give her a more detail of example which is related to her.Show MoreRelatedEssay on The Problem with Evil in Religion1259 Words   |  6 PagesThe problem of evil is widely considered as the most detrimental problem to the monotheist. It is also the primary objection to the overall existence of God. The problem is very easy to comprehend: If God is an all-perfect, all-knowing, all-powerful deity then why do we live in a world with any imperfection or negativity at all? Why do bad things happen at all? Especially to the good people in the world and the millions of innocent people who suffer on a daily basis. Gottfreid Leibniz was a philosopherRead More The Crucible - fear and suspicion Essay1944 Words   |  8 Pagesbeing hanged. Salem became overrun by the hysteria of witchcraft. Mere suspicion itself was accepted as evidence. As a Satan-fearing community, they could not think of denying the evidence, because to deny the existence of evil was to deny the existence of goodness; which was God. In the 17th century a group of Puritans migrated from England to America - the land of dreams - to escape persecution for their religious beliefs. As Arthur Miller tells us in the introduction to Act 1 noRead MoreCritical Analysis of a TV Show: House4654 Words   |  19 Pagesmatter what the situation is following ones paradigm is the way to go. Although many of his statements deliver the message that life is not worth living e.g. in response to the patients question that what made him cripple, they had the following dialogue: House:  I had an infraction. The patient:  A heart attack? House:  Its what happens when the blood flow is obstructed. If its in the heart its a heart attack. If its in the lungs its a pulmonary embolism. If its in the brain its a strokeRead MoreThe Studio System Essay14396 Words   |  58 Pagesan executive (Affron 19). Orson Welles adamantly denied that Polglase had anything to do with the art direction of Citizen Kane (1940). Although Polglase was nominated for an Academy Award for it, Citizen Kane was entirely the work of Perry Ferguson (Affron 19). Some examples of Polglases work: The Gay Divorcee (1934), Top Hat (1935), Carefree (1938), Love Affair (1939) and My Favorite Wife (1940). 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Should You Expect â€Å"Service with a Smile† All Around the World? 108 Self-Assessment Library What’s My Emotional Intelligence Score? 115 An Ethical Choice Schadenfreude 120 Point/Counterpoint Sometimes Blowing Your Top Is a Good Thing 122 Questions for Review 121 Experiential Exercise Who Can Catch a Liar? 123 Ethical Dilemma Happiness Coaches for Employees 123 Case Incident 1 Is It Okay to Cry at Work? 124 Case Incident 2 Can You Read Emotions from Faces? 124 S A L Read MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesRogers’ pithy observation: â€Å"Common sense ain t common.† In addition, the research reported in the Introduction suggests that, in many cases, managers’ â€Å"common sense† isn’t â€Å"good sense.† The premise of this book and associated course is that the key to effective management practice is practicing what effective managers—those with â€Å"good sense†Ã¢â‚¬â€do consistently. Reason #2: It is consistent with proven principles of effective teaching and learning. A seasoned university professor advised a young colleagueRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pagescase, and example in the text is drawn from a real-world project. Special thanks to managers who graciously shared their current project as ideas for exercises, subjects for cases, and examples for the text. Shlomo Cohen, John A. Drexler, Jim Moran, John Sloan, Pat Taylor, and John Wold, whose work is printed, are gratefully acknowledged. Special gratitude is due Robert Breitbarth of Interact Management, who shared invaluable insights on prioritizing projects. University students and managers deserve

Legal and Ethical Aspects of Electronic Monitoring and...

mANAGEMENT 350: hUMAN RESOURCE mANAGEMENT | â€Å"Legal and Ethical Aspects of Electronic Monitoring and Surveillance of Employees† | | By: Chakana Moore, Patricia Davis, Eric Luken, Michelle Dailey, Jeffrey Webb | | 11/21/2011 Electronic Monitoring and Surveillance Human Resource Management Research Project November 21, 2011 Legal and Ethical Aspects of Electronic Monitoring and Surveillance of Employees Introduction Workplace monitoring has been a point of discussion within businesses as Human Resource Management feels that there is a need to watch their employees and how they conduct themselves at all times during the work day. Unless a government employee, employees are subject to any monitoring the employer†¦show more content†¦Last exception is the â€Å"consent†. â€Å"Consent† exception applies to even when the sender of the intercepted communication has been assured that all email communications would remain confidential and privileged. In Smyth v The Pillsbury Company, Smyth sent emails to his supervisor that contained unprofessional comments from his home computer. Because his supervisor gave consent to the company to intercept the emails and the emails were later retrieved by the courts, Smyth was terminated and was not able to be protected under the consent exception. A second commonplace monitoring method used by employers is internet tracking . Internet tracking can be used to visit non-work websites like Facebook and Yahoo accounts. Statistics show over 90% of employees admits to visiting other websites doing work hours. About 76% of firms monitor internet use. This can help companies prevent employees from going to inappropriate sites which could possibly create legal issues. For instance, a New Jersey case contained a log that showed one employee accessing porn websites. This activity caused an employee to be arrested due to repeatedly logging on that site when told by his supervisor to stop. Also, this type of activity draws attention to companies and causes law enforcement to get involved and companies can be charged with aiding and abetting legal behavior if found with evidence. A third form of employeeShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On Privacy And Electronic Monitoring2350 Words   |  10 Pages Moral Rights in the Work Place Research Question: Privacy and Electronic Monitoring in the Work Place? Introduction: Work is one of the most important and highly valued human activities in large part because it is necessary for so many other central human goods. Moral Rights and Work are connected because by the actions of others opportunities to work can be jeopardized. The expansion and proliferation of technology has dawned a new era. Employers can easily monitor various side ofRead MoreShould Privacy Be Careful Of Who Is Watching Privacy? 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In conjunction with these volatile catalysts of ch ange, there has never been an era where every aspect of activity in a company or enterprise isRead MorePrivacy and Citizens Data1498 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction This is an era of massive violations of privacy rights and individual liberties due to the new technologies of surveillance, data mining, electronic monitoring, biometric chips, spamming, hacking, phishing, and security breaches at major private and public institutions. These new technologies make the protection of privacy rights far more difficult than in the pre-electronic past. 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However, e-mail systems in corporate, institutional, and commercial environments are all potential targets of monitoring, surveillance and ultimately, censorship.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Electronic mail is a phenomenon that has begun to pervade all aspects of our lives today. We use e-mail in our personal lives, at our schools, at our jobs, and everywhere in between. However, very few of us considerRead MoreEmployee Monitoring at Work3158 Words   |  13 PagesEmployee monitoring at work Outline: Evolution of employee monitoring Why do employers monitor their employees? Workplace Privacy and Employee Monitoring Types of employee monitoring ââ€" ª New way of monitoring Successful implementation of the monitoring system The Law Monitoring shouldn’t go too far My perspective conclusion Evolution of employee monitoring For many years, organizations have engaged in many practices in order to monitor their employees for the intention of controlRead MoreThe Value of Digital Privacy in the Information Technology Age1283 Words   |  5 Pagesbeen such a strong emphasis on capturing, analyzing, categorizing and using personal data that had been highly protected in the past for purposes of securing nations (Ottensmeyer, Heroux, 1991). Correspondingly, there has never been a time when every aspect of life in an organization is monitored, from personal computer and telephone use to the use of personal Wi-Fi and networking devices (Riedy, Wen, 2010). 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While employees see this type of behavior harmless, employers see this as potential risks to their organization. Previous researched study show employees spend hours surfing the Internet and sending non-work related emails to co-workers, f amily, and friends. With millions of employees having access

Dividend Policy and Share Prices Free Essays

string(112) " first week and hence the acceptance of the null hypotheses will be consistent with the semi strong efficiency\." Introduction In this paper the impact of dividend policy of the companies on the firm’s share prices is analysed and different views in the context of the semi-strong form of the efficient market hypothesis are contrasted. The overview of the traditional and most recent empirical investigations of the stock market reaction to the dividend announcements is provided and different findings are discussed and compared. Three companies have been selected from the FTSE All share price index. We will write a custom essay sample on Dividend Policy and Share Prices or any similar topic only for you Order Now These companies are Tesco, Burberry and Vodafone. These firms belong to different sectors of the economy. Tesco is the largest retailer in the UK, Burberry is a fashion firm and Vodafone is the telecommunication services company. The dividends and accounts have been retrieved from annual reports of the companies (Tesco, 2011; Burberry, 2011; Vodafone, 2011). The share prices were sourced from Yahoo Finance (2012). The copies of the company accounts are provided in the appendices. Dividend Policies of Companies These three companies were chosen for the following reasons. Firstly, it was intended to choose large companies that have an established dividend policy and revenue of more than ? billion a year. Secondly, the companies from different industries had to be analysed. Thirdly, both services sector and goods sector were intended to be analysed. Finally, it was interesting to compare both pro-cyclical firms (e. g. Burberry) and counter-cyclical firms (e. g. Vodafone). The former are very sensitive to the effects of the economic recession whereas the latter are less sensitive because con sumers would still have to use mobile phones and services regardless of their financial position. The dividend payout ratio has been calculated for these companies for the period from 2007 to 2011. The following formula was used: Dividend payout ratio = dividends per share / earnings per share The results are summarised in the following figure. Figure 1 Dividend Payout Ratios Source: Annual Reports of Tesco (2011), Burberry (2011) and Vodafone (2011) The payout ratios indicate different dividend policies adopted by the three companies. Tesco’s policy is aimed at maintaining a constant dividend payout ratio, which is very common for mature industries such as retailing. In these industries the majority of the large companies are â€Å"cash cows† for the investors and therefore the dividend policy tends to show constant payout ratios, which inspires trust in the company and expectation of future stability. In contrast, the dividend policies of Vodafone and Burberry are not aimed at a constant payout ratio. In fact, as the following figure demonstrates, the policies of Vodafone and Burberry are aimed at dividend growth. Figure 2 Final Dividends Source: Annual Reports of Tesco (2011), Burberry (2011) and Vodafone (2011) However, whereas Vodafone demonstrates a â€Å"steady dividend growth strategy†, Burberry demonstrates the a strategy that does not show a specific pattern but can be interpreted as a signal to the market because in 2009 the company announced the dividends that were equal to the dividends announced in the previous year in spite of the accounting losses suffered by the firm which were reflected in negative earnings per share (Appendix C). This move can be interpreted as a sign that the management attempted to signal the market that the losses are temporary and the company was expected to recover quickly. It is interesting to note that the latter policy is inconsistent with the position that dividends should be paid out of earnings rather than accumulated capital or reserves. Furthermore, the companies could undertake an alternative dividend policy which would imply linking the dividend payout to the investment opportunities that could be managed by firms (Brealey and Myers, 2003). If the company has many projects that offer positive net present value, then it would be recommended that dividends could be retained and reinvested in the firm. Only residual earnings, which are left after investments in all positive NPV projects could be distributed as dividends (Bodie et al, 2009). Dividend Announcements and Share Prices Dividend announcements and their impact on share prices can be explained by the semi strong form of the efficient market hypothesis (EMH). Efficient market hypothesis implies that the only thing that may impact the stock prices is new information, since all other possibly influencing parameters are already included in the firm’s stock price (Palan, 2004). The efficient market hypothesis may be divided into three forms: the weak form, the semi-strong form, and the strong form. The weak form implies that share prices bear or reflect the past prices and trade volume information, the semi-strong form adds publicly available information to the weak form, and the strong form adds even insider information to the efficiency approach (Harder, 2008). Empirical evidences show that successive changes in stock prices are independent and this independence is in line with the efficient market hypothesis, as markets promptly react to the new information (Fama et al. , 1969). In this context it may be assumed that dividend announcements convey particular positive information about the company and provide signals about future performance of the firm. The decision about paying dividends is made by the firm’s managers and often supported by shareholders’ voting. Since dividend announcements bear useful information, from the efficient market hypothesis view point this information is reflected in the share price changes immediately after the public announcement (Bodie et al, 2009). The three companies that were chosen have been used to test the semi strong form of the EMH and whether the dividends announcements made by Tesco, Vodafone and Burberry had a significant impact on shareholder returns and share prices. So, the null hypotheses of the analysis are the following: H0: Dividends have a positive and significant effect on the share prices H0: Dividends have a positive and significant effect on the weekly stock returns. The alternative hypotheses are the following: Halt: Dividends do not have a significant effect on the share prices Halt: Dividends do not have a significant effect on the weekly stock returns. According to EMH in its semi strong form, the information on dividends should be quickly absorbed into the stock prices during the first week and hence the acceptance of the null hypotheses will be consistent with the semi strong efficiency. You read "Dividend Policy and Share Prices" in category "Essay examples" However, if abnormal returns persist in the longer run, e. g. three months, the EMH in the semi strong form can be rejected. Empirical evidences also provide support for the semi-strong efficient market hypothesis, implying that stock market efficiently and quickly adjusts to new information about dividends (Aharony and Swary, 1980). However, the research of Amihud and Li (2006) finds that the reaction of stock market to dividend announcement is not constant. It is concluded that cumulative abnormal returns promoted by dividend announcements decline to zero in due course. The findings suggest that dividend announcement are less informative over time, and this may be related to the reluctance of managers to pay extra expenses related to dividends (Amihud and Li, 2006). Moreover, the recent decrease in propensity of companies to pay dividends is sometimes related to the lower informational contend of dividend announcements. Since institutional investors are normally better informed and tend to play key roles in public firms, the costly dividends have become a less popular way to provide information (Baker, 2009). The study of Asquth and Mullins (1983) also suggests that stock prices and shareholders’ wealth are impacted by initiation and increase of dividends. Moreover, the effect of dividend increase is stronger than the influence of dividend initiation. The results are in line with assumption that dividend announcements bear valuable information for investors. Dividend policy may be used as a simple way to signal managers’ view of the company’s recent and future performance (Asquth and Mullins, 1983). However, it must be stated that dividend policies are not directly influencing share prices and lead to their changes. Instead, dividend policies are changed by managers when some fundamental developments in company’s performance are expected, and these developments cause the change of the share prices. Thus, dividend announcement is only the way for investors to obtain information about these fundamental developments. Similarly, there are no evidences that a company value may be increased through increase of dividends, since dividends only convey signals about fundamental changes in the company and are viewed as only by-products of the changes (Moles et al. 2011). Nevertheless, the study of Shiller (1981) challenges the efficient market hypothesis suggesting that the volatility of stock prices are too high to be explained by the future dividends. A more recent investigation of Mehnidiratta and Gupta (2010) supports the semi-strong form of efficient market hypothesis concluding that stock prices promptly and accurately react to the publicly available information, particularly to dividend annou ncements. The two-stage study tests the share prices response to dividend announcement. The first stage included the evaluation of beta based on post facto returns on stock and market index and predicted returns on every of the stocks. The second stage these values were used to calculate abnormal returns around the day of announcement. The results provide information that though investors do not obtain significant value prior to the dividend announcement day or on the event day, they do gain value after the announcement. Investors move their security positions on the announcement day which implies that after the event day there is informational value in dividend announcement. The evidences prove that the increases in dividends imply more positive abnormal stock returns, and this supports the efficient market hypothesis (Mehnidiratta and Gupta, 2010). But there are also empirical evidences of little stock market reaction to dividend announcements at some periods (Hasan et al. , 2012). The event study methodology was used to evaluate the effect of cash dividend announcements on the share prices. The data about abnormal returns around the event day was analysed and the events before, on, or after the announcement day were pooled. The tested assumption states that payment of cash dividends is the most significant factor that impacts all prices around the event days (Hasan et al. , 2012). In the following figures the results of the regression analysis and statistical tests applied to the regressions are presented. Table 1 Effects of Dividends on Investor Weekly Return Coefficientsa Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) .012 .009 1. 375 .175 Dividend -. 002 .002 -. 143 -1. 030 .308 Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate imension0 1 .143a .020 .001 .03489 a. Predictors: (Constant), Dividend According to the first regression, dividends do not have a significant impact on the weekly stock returns and hence the null hypothesis related to stock returns is rejected. However, the output from the regression of share prices on dividends demonstrates that the former have a statistically significant positive influence on the share price perf ormance. This was evidenced with the t-test. Table 2 Effects of Dividends on Share Prices Coefficientsa Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) 151. 362 47. 949 3. 157 .003 Dividend 45. 955 9. 186 .574 5. 003 .000 Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate dimension0 1 .574a .329 .316 191. 66266 a. Predictors: (Constant), Dividend Thus, the null hypothesis related to the effects of dividends on the share prices is accepted. R-squared test has revealed that the second regression had a better fit. Conclusion As the semi-strong efficient market hypothesis suggests, new information including dividend announcement is quickly reflected in the company’s stock prices. Some empirical evidences support the hypothesis (Fama et al. , 1969; Aharony and Swary, 1980). Other findings suggest that the impact of the announcements may decline in the course of time (Amihud and Li, 2006). The recent empirical studies that were reviewed support the semi-strong efficient market hypothesis and find that dividend announcements produce abnormal returns and are positively related to the share prices (Mehnidiratta and Gupta, 2010). But another event study displays different reaction of stock prices to dividend announcement in different years (Hasan et al. , 2012). The analysis in the paper was conducted in the context of three UK based companies from different sectors. The dividend policies of these companies have been analysed. Furthermore, the relationships between the share prices and the dividends were tested. It was found that the dividends produced a positive and statistically significant effect on the share prices but no significant effect on weekly returns. References Aharyny, J. and Swary, I. (1980) â€Å"Quarterly Dividend and Earnings Announcements and Stockholders’ Returns: An Empirical Analysis†, The Journal of Finance, 31 (1), pp. 1-12. Amihud, Y. nd Li, K. (2006) â€Å"The Declining Information Content of Dividend Announcements and the Effects of Institutional Holdings†, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 41, pp. 637-660. Asquith, P. and Mullins, D. W. Jr. (1983) â€Å"The Impact of Initiating Dividend Payments on Shareholders’ Wealth†, The Journal of Business, 56 (1), pp. 77-96. B aker, H. K. (2009) Dividends and dividend policy. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Bodie, Z. , Kane, A. and Marcus, A. (2009) Investments, Hoboken: McGraw Hill Professional. Brealey, R. and Myers, S. (2003) Principles of Corporate Finance, New York: McGraw Hill. Burberry (2011) Annual Reports and Accounts, [online] Available at: www. burberryplc. com/bbry/results-centre/respre/rep2011/ [Accessed 6 February 2012]. Fama, E. F. , Fisher, L. , Jensen, M. C. and Roll, R. (1969) â€Å"The Adjustment of Stock Prices to New Information†, International Economic Review, 10 (1), pp. 1-21. Field A. (2005) Discovering Statistics Using SPSS, London: Sage Publications. Gujarati, D. (1995) Basic Econometrics. 3rd ed. , New York: McGraw-Hill. Harder, S. (2008) â€Å"The Efficient Market Hypothesis and Its Application to Stock Markets†, Scholarly Research Paper, Germany: GRIN Verlag. Hasan, S. B. , Akhter, S. and Huda, H. A. E. (2012) â€Å"Cash Dividend Announcement Effect: Evidence from Dhaka Stock Exchange†, Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, 3 (2), pp. 12-24. Maddala, G. S. (2001) Introduction to Econometrics. 3rd ed. , Hoboken: John Wiley Sons. Mehnidiratta, N. and Gupta, S. (2010) â€Å"Impact of Dividend Announcement on Stock Prices†, International Journal of Information Technology and Knowledge Management, 2 (2), pp. 405-410. Moles, P. , Parrino, R. and Kidwell, D. (2011) Fundamentals of Corporate Finance – European Edition. UK: John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Palan, S. 2004) â€Å"The Efficient Market Hypothesis and Its Validity in Today’s Markets†, M. A. Thesis. Germany: GRIN Verlag. Shiller, R. J. (1981) â€Å"Do Stock Prices Move Too Much to be Justified by Subsequent Changes in Dividends? †, NBER Working Paper No. 456. Tesco (2011) Annual Report and Accounts [online] Available at: ar2011. tescoplc. com/ [Acc essed 6 February 2012]. Vodafone (2011) Annual Report and Accounts [online] Available at: http://www. vodafone. com/content/index/investors/reports/annual_report. html [Accessed 6 February 2012]. Yahoo Finance (2012) Weekly Share Prices [online] Available at: finance. yahoo. co. uk [Accessed 6 February 2012]. How to cite Dividend Policy and Share Prices, Essay examples

Internship Report on Nestle free essay sample

It became Kit Kat in 1937, two years before the Second World War. Within two years of launch Kit Kat was established as Rowntrees leading product, a position that it has maintained ever since. During the Second World War Rowntree Kit Kat was seen as a valuable wartime food and advertising described the brand as What active people need. For most of its life Rowntree Kit Kat has appeared in the well-known red and white wrapper. It did, however, change to a blue wrapper in 1945, when it was produced with a plain chocolate covering due to a shortage of milk following the war. This blue packaging was withdrawn in 1947 when the standard milk chocolate Kit Kat was reintroduced. Polo and Fox candies are also well known and favorite products for refreshment. In Pakistan, Polo is now being imported from china after one year gap. Nestle Pakistan is producing Polo in china with lighter weight than before. We will write a custom essay sample on Internship Report on Nestle or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Fox candies are available in six different flavors, from which Nestle fruit Fox is the most saleable and demanding candy. Nestle means ‘little nest’ in Swiss German. Nestle first customer was a premature infant who could tolerate neither his mother’s milk nor any other conventional substitute. Thus, Henri’s ultimate goal was to help fight the problem of infant mortality due to malnutrition for which he developed a product combining various cow’s milk, wheat flour and sugar and name it Farine Lactee Nestle, which was the first product of Nestle being marketed in Europe. In 1974, Jules Monnerat purchased Nestle and collectively they launched a condensed milk product of its own. In 1905, Nestle got merged with Anglo-Swiss condensed milk. After some time, when Nestle got fully established and all its operation were properly functioning in Europe and was gaining fame around Europe, then Nestle decided to set up production plants around the globe to ensure the growth of the organization and to become multinational. The decision to set up industrial operation in new market needs a lot of research, as there are various factors that effect the growth of the organization and turns out to be a loss for the company. Such factors are as follows ? The availability of raw material ? Cost factor ? Economic climate ? Consumer purchasing power ? Consumer tastes The decision to become multinational turned fruitful for Nestle and today Nestle has its own operations and products in America, England, India, Brazil, Australia, Pakistan, Hungary, France, Belgium, Italy, Spain and various other countries around the globe. The history of Nestle includes the development of many different products as well as acquisitions, mergers and the purchasing of shares in companies, mainly abroad. Over the course of the years, this enabled it to broaden its range of products and diversify its operations, while at the same time strengthening the economic foundations of the company. Amongst the most important acquisitions were Carnation in Los Angeles (milk, culinary products and pet foods) and more recently Rowntree Mackintosh in York (chocolate and confectionery), Buitoni in Perugia (pasta) as well as Perrier in France(mineral water).

Thursday Caption Contest - December 10th

Dressed as Tommy Trojan, Will Ferrell clearly thinks hes the boss. Can you tell us what hes actually thinking? Let us know in the comments section below. We’ll pick our three favorites, taking into account the number of likes your submission gets (hint: it helps to share)!Winner gets a $20 Amazon Gift Card, $20 in site credits, plus bragging rights. The two runners-up each get $10 in credits to apply towardsunlocking successfulapplication examplesand/or chatting withmentors. Contest ends Thursday, December 10th. Three submissions max. Congrats tolast weeks winners!

Did Obamas Stimulus Work

Did Obamas Stimulus Work The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act known as the Stimulus was signed by Barack Obama in 2009 in order to respond to the economic recession within the country and overcome the critical situation with the people’s unemployment. The vision of the act’s effectiveness depends on the position of the observer in relation to this or that political party and on the perspective from which it is possible to examine the achievements and failures of the Stimulus.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Did Obama’s Stimulus Work? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thus, Republicans are inclined to concentrate on the act’s weaknesses when Democrats accentuate the successes of the act. That is why, it is inappropriate to rely on the position of the supporters of these two parties. Moreover, the question of the act’s effectiveness is rather controversial because it is possible to discuss the results fr om the point of the immediate successes and long-term goals with references to the economic measures which were characteristic for the economic situation before the act’s realization, during the implementation of the definite policies, and after the realization of the main programs planned. Although there are two opposite points of view, it is possible to focus on the Stimulus as the effective program which could be realized more successfully, but there were some challenges which are important to be discussed. Today, many economists and politicians intend to assess the Stimulus with references to the results which were achieved according to the planned actions. To understand the situation and credibility of the assessments, it is necessary to pay attention to the goals to achieve which the act was worked out. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act was the reaction to the recession processes within the American economy, and the developing situation required the immediate r esolution. In his work, Frank states, â€Å"every time we checked, the value of our retirement fund had fallen by another third; friends lost their jobs; industries like construction and auto manufacturing came to a standstill† (Frank 11). The major problem was the catastrophic situation in the sphere of employment. That is why, the main task was to create the new jobs in order to cope with the critical situation. However, the resolution of the problem should be complex, and the other strategies were proposed to recover the economic sphere and provide some important transformations (Miller 168).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The accents were made on changing the approaches to education and healthcare systems and to the other social projects and infrastructure which required the additional investment, and moreover, the question of renewable energy was also discussed. In practice, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act was a complex program basing on the resolution of the economic questions directly associated with the social sphere and the public’s employment, but without focusing on the military questions. Frank stresses that the proposed actions were of the â€Å"thirties-style†. Thus, â€Å"the brand-new president persuaded Congress to approve a $787 billion stimulus package early in 2009 and to partially reregulate Wall Street. He even managed to push through a universal health-insurance bill† (Frank 35). According to the more detailed characteristic of the act proposed by MacEwan and Miller, the Stimulus provided $787 billion in tax cuts and expenditures where expenditures â€Å"included $144 billion in state and local relief; $111 billion for infrastructure and science support; $155 billion for programs in education, training, energy, and health care; and $89 billion for â€Å"protecting the vulnerable † and other programs† (MacEwan and Miller 172). It is possible to state that the plan to distribute the funds was worked out according to the immediate needs, and the quick results were expected. Nevertheless, the immediate results did not fit the expected numbers. That is why, the opponents focused on the ineffectiveness of investments in relation to the Stimulus. However, the results were, and they were positive. This fact allows speaking about the act as the working program. Many researchers state that the program was focused on many different spheres when it could be better to concentrate only on the program of employment. Furthermore, there was no single point in relation to the amount of funds determined to support the program. From this perspective, it is necessary to refer to the opinion of MacEwan and Miller who state that the real problem with the â€Å"government’s 2009 economic stimulus program was not that it was too large, but that it was too small. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Did Obama’s Stimulus Work? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A program of $787 billion was insufficient †¦ to bring the economy back to an â€Å"acceptable† level of output and employment† (MacEwan and Miller 173). Thus, the lack of funds can be discussed as one of the challenges to prevent development of the program and its ending with significant positive results. Nevertheless, the positive results were, and they could be correlated with the amount of investments used. The Stimulus worked, but it worked not intensively, and those people who did not support the idea of the program were inclined to accentuate the weaknesses of the act instead of concentrating on the positive transformations observed. It is possible to state that the results of the act can be compared with the results of any program developed to overcome the recession processes within the count ry. According to Reuss, the â€Å"fiscal stimulus is a standard â€Å"Keynesian† response to a recession† (Reuss 176). The results of the program are lower in comparison with the expected numbers, but they are rather high in comparison with the measures fixed before the program was started. The new jobs were created, the millions of jobs were saved, and the rate of unemployment decreased. The danger of the significant economic decline seemed to be not as obvious as it was during the year before. The focus on the healthcare reform, the usage of electronic medical records, the radical reform in education, and the progressive approaches to use the ‘green’ energy can be discussed as the long-term perspectives which results can be assessed only after a long period of time. Obama invested in the economic sectors which required their transformation according to the modern global tendencies. However, the public expected the immediate results from the unemployment strategy, and it worked because the economic situation of millions of families was changed for better. Thus, the Great Recession is still observed because not all the spheres can be reformed with references to one act and be assessed according to the immediate numbers provided after the realization of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act. The critics of the Stimulus program emphasize the fact that the deficit and the other negative tendencies in the economic sphere were provoked by the realization of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act. However, the researchers state these situations were not connected according to the cause-and-consequence pattern. MacEwan and Miller develop the idea that the â€Å"large deficit in 2009 was not created by the stimulus package†, or â€Å"the stimulus package played only a minor role in creating this huge deficit† (MacEwan and Miller 172). Thus, the role of the Stimulus in recovering the economic situation in the USA in 200 9 should be discussed with references to the large context because there are many other influential factors which affected the successful realization of the act.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are two opposite visions of the effectiveness of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act to improve the economy and overcome the recession. All the possible visions of the question are relevant because the discussion can be based on different approaches to examine the issue. Focusing on the positive results of the Stimulus program, it is possible to determine the actions which helped to cope with the increasing rate of unemployment within the country and problematic situation within the education and healthcare systems. The opponents of the program state that the unemployment problem was not solved because the percentage of the unemployed persons remained significant. However, these persons do not pay attention to the fact that the level of unemployment decreased considerably in comparison with the expected numbers in the situation when the program would not have been realized. The danger of the crisis was addressed, but the recession processes were not stopped. It is neces sary to note that the Great Recession remains to be observed because these processes involve all the aspects of the economic life, and the spheres transformed with references to the Stimulus program are not all the problematic fields which require their further reforming. Frank, Thomas. Pity the Billionaire. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2012. Print. MacEwan, Arthur, and John Miller. â€Å"Moving in a Different Direction†. Economic Collapse, Economic Change: Getting to the Roots of the Crisis. Ed. Arthur MacEwan and John Miller. USA: M.E. Sharpe, 2011. 161-187. Print. Miller, John. â€Å"Stimulating Whining†. The Economic Crisis Reader. Ed. Gerald Friedman, Fred Moseley, and Chris Sturr. USA: Dollars Sense, 2009. 167-169. Print. Reuss, Alejandro. â€Å"Fiscal Policy and â€Å"Crowding Out†. The Economic Crisis Reader. Ed. Gerald Friedman, Fred Moseley, and Chris Sturr. USA: Dollars Sense, 2009. 176-179. Print.

Production Process and Management Research Paper

Production Process and Management - Research Paper Example A company or a manufacturing company will be able to improve productive if the effectively integrate Computer integrated Manufacturing (Gouw, 2010). A production manager should be able to plan the production process. He should have a clear picture of the planning, scheduling, shipping of the products and a proper follow up. Through this strategy, the production manger should be able to detect any kind of delays in the production process. Two other responsibilities that he should have are proper Time management and effective employee engagement. A production manager should have proper time management as every phase in the production process is based a specific time schedule (Carter, 2010). Employment engagement is also another responsibility that is imperative for a production manager. When employees are more engaged in the production process, there is a possibility of increase quality and improved productivity. The employees can act as lookouts of the production plant as they will provide useful formation incase of an emergency. They will help reduce unnecessary maintenance cost by facilitating effective plant layout

Decline of USSR after the Cold War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Decline of USSR after the Cold War - Essay Example The collapse of the Soviet Union is regarded by the West as "a victory for freedom, a triumph of democracy over totalitarianism, and evidence of the superiority of capitalism over socialism." (Fall of the Soviet Union). The fall of the Soviet Union can rightly be understood as the fall of communism and the subsequent spread of democracy as a better form of government. The growth of communism in the USSR can be traced back to the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917. The newly formed Government after the revolution was based on socialistic and Communist ideologies and the aim of the Bolsheviks was "to overcome national differences, and rather to create one monolithic state based on a centralized economical and political system." (Fall of the Soviet Union). Later, the state was transformed into a totalitarian state which was controlled by the communist leadership. However, the totalitarian government could not assimilate the non-Russian ethnic groups in the country and the economic planning g of the state proved to be inadequate to meet the need of the time and its arms race with the United States proved to be disastrous for the nation. By the time, Mikhail Gorbachev, the Soviet Union's last leader, assumed power in the nation, the economic and political problems in the country was at its peak.In 1985, the election of Mikhail Gorbachev to the position of G eneral Secretary of the Soviet Union led to more political and economic liberalization in the Moscow regime. The Gorbachev era witnessed many radical economic reforms like perestroika in the USSR. The Glasnost offered greater freedom of expression and offered freedom of press which can be marked as the first step towards democracy in the nation. The Glasnost had far reaching effects in the USSR as the media brought to spotlight many of the social and political issues that the people were dissatisfied with, and this brought about a sort of new nationalism and resulted in ethnic tensions. In January 1987, Gorbachev moved a step forward to democratic way of multi-candidate elections and later his reforms were aimed at reducing the Communist party's hold in governmental affairs. The ultimate result of these reforms was that the central Moscow government lost its absolute control over the USSR's constituent republics and brought about decentralization of power. Gorbachev's radical reform s, in a way, offered opportunity for the constituent republics to demand autonomy and independence. It was the Baltic region under the government of Estonia that protested against the Moscow regime in 1987. Later Lithuania and Latvia came out with similar upheavals and culminated in the coup d'etat of 1991. There were massive protests in the nation and the military refused to suppress the protestors who were led by Yeltsin. After the failed coup attempt there were public demonstrations demanding democracy in the nation and finally on December 25, 1991, Gorbachev had to resign and the "Commonwealth of Independent Republics" replaced the communist regime. Boris Yeltsin resigned from the communist party and declared Russia's independence. This stirred the

Different uses for spreadsheets

Different uses for spreadsheets Spreadsheets Coursework There are many different uses for spreadsheets; the main use for spreadsheets is using basic formulas to work out various sums. They can also used to represent data graphically using graphs and charts. In this document I plan to explore the various uses for spreadsheets in different areas and focus on one specific area and look at the uses for a spreadsheet in that area and also I will look at some of the limitations that using spreadsheets can bring. One of the main uses for spreadsheets is in finance, businesses can use a spreadsheet to forecast sales, and show graphically how sales will rise or drop based on past events. Spreadsheets can also be used to work out interest rates and monthly payments based on variables such as time, i.e. 5 years, 10 years or amount borrowed and also both such as  £100,000 borrowed over 30 years. Another use for spreadsheets is in education, spreadsheets can be used to store students personal data along with grades and scores, this data can then be used to predict a students overall or average grade, this can also be used to forecast how they will do at higher levels. A spreadsheet can also be used to gather all pupils scores and represent the data in a chart displaying the pass percentages for the school. A spreadsheet can also be used to record pay records for staff of the school and when they get paid and how much they get paid. Other uses for spreadsheets are in Health Care; health organisations such as the NHS can use spreadsheets to record patients details for easy access by doctors and other staff. They can also be used to show the date they were admitted and the date they were signed out by a doctor. And the doctor that is treating them. This can also be useful to see what dates are busiest and other trends. And plan accordingly for the future. Spreadsheets can be used by shop keepers to keep detailed lists of their stock, how much the item costs and the bar code number of the item, the shop keeper can also record sales of each item in his/her stock and then use graphs to see what items are selling well, and also what items are not selling so that the shop keeper can then change stock accordingly. As spreadsheet can also be used for a shop owner to do their VAT and Tax returns at the end of each quarter of the year. Spreadsheets can be used in sports to record the team statistics, and then work out goal per game percentages, and also it can be used to keep a game roster, games played and also draw up graphs and charts that show team performance, it can also be used to get a players averages such as average goals per game, injuries per season and other vital statistics. Also making them alot easier to be read and interpreted by the user. The application area I have chosen to look into is Shop keeping: In shop keeping spreadsheet applications can be very useful in shop keeping as it can help a shop owner keep a detailed inventory of all the items in the shop keeping information such as availability and barcode number easily accessible. Shop keepers can also use spreadsheets to record sales of all of their stock. They can view what items are selling well, what are not selling at all and what items are sold out. This data can be used to make graphs, charts and tables this can be used by the shop keeper to decide what he needs to get more off, or what stock he needs to order less of, or stop ordering. This can also be useful for the shopkeeper to use when deciding what offers to put on certain items. Shop keepers can also use spreadsheets to calculate their finances; they can calculate daily profit or loss and also predict using past sales what should happen for the next few weeks months or years. They can also calculate their monthly, quarterly or yearly profits or losses and they can do their VAT and Tax returns for the financial years. Making it easier, quicker and more convenient with fewer mistakes. Another use for spreadsheets by shop keepers is keeping staff details stored for quick and easy hours, this also is a good way for managers or owners to see their wage expenses and also keep track on who is working what hours and also staff holiday bookings, this makes it easier than using a conventional book and allows comparison of data faster. Spreadsheets can also be used by shop keepers by using them to work out break even points if the shop keeper wanted to obtain loans from banks or investors for expansion or other reasons. One Spreadsheet use that would be useful for shop keepers is the tables, they can clearly block out their inventories and using the SORT tool they can sort the data in any way they want, from A Z to number values. They can also group data types together making it a clear more organised list than just typing it up in Microsoft word. Another use for spreadsheets that would be useful in shop keeping is graphs and charts, graphs can be used to represent sales, profit and loss and other numerical data in one or more simple graphs that are easy to read. Charts can be easier to show data such as hours available Vs hours used. And stock sold Vs stock left over or returned. Spreadsheets could also be useful by using formula to work out various sums such as adding, multiplying, subtracting or dividing various cells together which could be useful for shopkeepers to work out their profit or loss margins. They can also use other functions such as averages to save time by bypassing the need for a calculator. One of the main limitations of spreadsheets is that some charts and graphs can be unclear if there is too much detail or if 3D graphs are used as the data lines and plotting can be unclear along. The axis also needs to be clearly labelled to avoid confusion. Another downside to spreadsheets is it isnt great for word processing, anything more than a few words and any more than that Microsoft word should be used or for small paragraphs comments attached to the cell. Another downside to spreadsheets is that beyond basic arithmetic the spreadsheet software gets more complex and may require more help from someone trained in it. As some of the functions are not easily explainable this could take time. Another disadvantage is that creating tables and graphs can be complicated and getting them to look right can be time consuming. In conclusion, spreadsheets can help turn huge amounts of data into simple and easily interpreted. They can also be used to sort and group large amounts of data in tables and make them easier to read and explain. They also allow people to work out the average of a set of data and cast predictions along with basic arithmetic. However they can be complicated to use and sometimes very unclear.